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Safety Precautions

I usually play by myself and sometimes will eat a meal at the casino. When I do, I always bring along a book to read while dining. Sometimes the book is a novel. Sometimes it is non-fiction – perhaps a book by a future guest on the podcast. But eating by myself without a book seems like a waste of time to me.

On one recent day, as I finished playing, the credits on my machine amounted to $1,240. Not a particularly large amount, but large enough that I had to visit the cage to get it cashed. The ATM/Change machines at this casino would not redeem tickets of $1,000 and higher.

I needed to use the restroom before I went to the cage. So, I placed my players card, driver’s license, and ticket for $1,240 in my book, and carried the book as I went on my way. So long as I’m careful, the book acts like a safe of sorts. And I am careful. At least most of the time.

Somehow, however, I wasn’t careful enough this time. I still don’t know how it happened, but when I showed up at the cage, the book was “empty.” No ticket. No ID. No card. I checked my wallet “in case” I had put the things there instead of where I thought I put them, but no luck.

Shit.

Losing $1,240 is a nuisance rather than a disaster. Losing my driver’s license was much more of a problem. I immediately traced my steps back to the restroom, checking the floor along the way on the slim chance the items had fallen out and had not been picked up by anyone else.

Nothing.

As I was leaving the restroom, I noticed the attendant was holding a driver’s license in his hand. I identified myself and asked if it was mine. It was. I asked about the players card. He said he had thrown it away. It was still on top of the trash can, so I retrieved that as well. I asked about the ticket, and he said he didn’t know anything about that. Was he telling the truth? Who knows?

I went back to the cage and asked if they had cashed a ticket for exactly $1,240 in the past few minutes. No, they hadn’t. I then said I’d like to report a missing ticket. Soon a slot supervisor came and took my statement. We went to the machine I had been playing, where the display said that the last ticket redeemed was $1,240. I told the supervisor that I had been playing there for about three hours, always with my card, and surely their slot club records and cameras could verify that.

I had to fill out a written statement, which I did. A few minutes later a “Metro” (police officer from the Las Vegas Metropolitan Police Department) came by and asked me for my story again. So, I told it. He wanted a written report. I told him I was willing, but if he could get a photocopy of the casino report that would be much easier.

I was asked to wait.

About 20 minutes later, another Metro came by and asked me if I wanted to press charges. I told him that my primary concern was retrieving the $1,240. He told me I was going to get the $1,240 back and the person who tried to cash it was in detention downstairs.

That was lucky!

Still, if someone had actually ripped me off, they deserved to be punished. If someone found abandoned property, maybe not. The restroom attendant was the only person who spoke to me and was definitely aware of whom the ticket belonged to. Anybody else? It’s possible it was dropped on the floor and I wasn’t sure of how the “finder-keeper loser-weeper” rule worked in this particular instance.

I was asked if I was willing to testify in court. I said yes, but I repeated that the only person I could identify was the restroom attendant who I described by age (50ish), race (Hispanic), build (medium), and other features (spoke English with very little trace of an accent). If anybody else tried to turn in the ticket, there was nothing I could say in court proving that person’s guilt.

In another 20 minutes I got my ticket back. I was never asked to identify anybody. I assume it wasn’t the restroom attendant who tried to cash the ticket.

Obviously, I’m luckier than I deserve to be. I didn’t have to discover the loss so quickly. The ticket didn’t have to be larger than could be cashed anonymously at the machines. Even discovering the loss, the one “skillful” element here was reporting it immediately.

Being able to stop the ticket before it was cashed made recovery easier. Had the ticket already been cashed, the casino might not have been so quick to pay me. There are cameras at the cage, and it could depend on who turned in the ticket. And whether they help me might partially depend on whether I’m a winning or losing player.

If it was cashed by a valued customer (i.e. one who loses a lot), the casino might not want to embarrass him by confronting him. If it was cashed by someone the casino didn’t recognize, the casino may very well have decided not to pay out the $1,240 twice.

Was there a lesson to be learned about better securing valuable things? Of course.

Two items flashed through my mind that I will leave for the reader to ponder. First, assuming I didn’t get the ticket back, how should I record that in my records? In case of audit, I want my records to match what the casino has. I didn’t come to a firm conclusion about this as I got my money back before I needed to record it.

Second, when I got the money back, how much should I have tipped? And to whom?

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A Look at the Blackjack Apprenticeship Boot Camp

Colin Jones is a former leader of the “Holy Rollers” blackjack team and has founded blackjackapprenticeship.com as a way of helping players learn to play. He’s been a guest on GWAE a number of times.

Several times a year, Blackjack Apprenticeship runs a two-day “boot camp” in Las Vegas. This is a $3,000 intensive training over two days. Players come out of there with the knowledge to count cards profitably. They are supposed to know perfect basic strategy when they arrive. Most do. Some don’t.

I thought it would be interesting to check this out. I last played blackjack professionally some 26 years ago and I am not interested in becoming a working blackjack professional again. But I was interested in seeing how good players can become in one weekend.

On a personal basis, I used the Uston APC count way back when — a poor choice in retrospect — and they use the HiLo count at the bootcamp. I know the HiLo count in general (2-6 each count as +1, 7-9 count as 0, and tens and aces count as -1), but I’ve never played it and never have memorized the indices for strategy deviations.

Day One of the bootcamp (a Saturday) was about becoming as profitable of a blackjack player as possible. They discussed ways to maximize EV, comps/cover/travel, and bankroll management. I skipped this. I was not interested in becoming proficient myself, but rather seeing how others progressed through the training.

On Sunday, which I attended, were checkouts, advanced stuff, and celebrity speakers. (Tommy Hyland, who has been leader of a blackjack team for 40 years, told his stories. Andy Bloch, former MIT blackjack player and WSOP bracelet-winner poker player told his. And I spent some time talking about whether it makes sense for blackjack players to also play video poker.)

There were levels of checkout. At a minimum, the players were tested as to whether they could keep the count and move their bets accordingly. That is, when the count moves up, could they increase their bet appropriately. This skill requires paying attention to the cards and being able to figure out how many cards are left. For some players, this is as far along as they got.

The next step is to use the index number deviations. That is, when you have 16 versus a dealer ten card, it’s a close play whether to stand or hit. Many other plays have index numbers as well. Mastering all of them is more difficult, but some players were up there.

A third level of checkout included all the above, plus somebody asking you questions, such as: “Where are you from?”; “Have you seen the show here?”; “Have you tried our steak house?”  These questions weren’t mean or unusual. They were merely to see if you could walk and chew gum at the same time. You will certainly face this in a casino, and competent players need to be able to handle this kind of thing. A few players had the game down at this level.

During the checkout, you could see which players had practiced hard in preparation for the boot camp, and which ones hadn’t. Several of the students came out ready to play. Others needed a lot more work. You simply must put in the work (before, during, and after the boot camp) before you’re ready. The students were pretty unanimous that they got their money’s worth and came away inspired to keep working.

There were some students who flunked the checkouts — even the most basic one. Some of these students will conclude that this is not for them. It simply requires too much work to become good at this game. Others will use this as a wake-up call and apply themselves. There is another bootcamp in a few months, and some of these people will be back (at a reduced price, I assume) to see how much they’ve improved and if they are any closer to success.

You certainly don’t need a certificate to play. Any player of age can go to any casino and bet away. But if you can’t pass checkouts, you probably don’t have the skills to succeed. Blackjack is a pretty cut and dried game mathematically.

I was asked several times if returning to blackjack is something I’m considering. The short answer is “No”. My traveling days are largely over, and my face is too well known by casino employees. Getting good again is within my capabilities, I believe, but it’s not how I want to spend the rest of my life.

I was also asked if I wanted to create a video poker weekend boot camp — and right now my answer is “No.”

Video poker is way too difficult to master in one weekend. In blackjack, once you learn basic counting skills, the adjustments for different rules and deck sizes are relatively minor. In video poker, you play Deuces Wild considerably differently than you play Double Double Bonus. And one pay schedule in Deuces Wild is played considerably differently than other pay schedules. Players are certainly capable of learning one game (or maybe two) in a weekend, but with more than that, they would be overwhelmed.

Also, the best game differs from casino to casino. The best game in one place is often not the same as the best game elsewhere. Starting out with 9/6 Jacks or Better might be good for players in some areas, but many parts of the country don’t have that game.

Finally, a major part of the video poker game is learning to deal with slot clubs and promotions. That’s a several-hour course in and of itself. And while I’m generally familiar with the casinos in Las Vegas, if someone lives in St. Louis, Tunica, Pennsylvania, etc., I just don’t have the depth of knowledge to explain how the casinos in each of those areas differ from each other.

Colin Jones joked that he was going to reserve the web address www.videopokerapprenticeship.com. If he does, I’ll be happy to work with him and help him on the course. But I don’t predict a lot of success for it.

If you’re interested in becoming a competent blackjack player, www.blackjackapprenticeship.com is a good place to start.

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It’s All About the Quads

In February, I was playing 25¢ Five Play Multi-Strike 9/6 Jacks or Better at the South Point. This is a 99.79% game, played for 100 coins ($25) at a time. With the normal 0.30% slot club, the knowledgeable player has a small advantage all of the time.

In February, however, there were always two casino-wide progressives going on which added some small amount of EV. The bigger progressive must hit between $10,000 and $25,000, and was currently at about $22,000. Assuming there were 1,000 players playing, each of us had a 1/1,000 chance of hitting the progressive — but if we were in the other 999/1000 when it went off, we’d each receive $25 in free play.

It was not a huge amount of equity, but I needed to get some play done to keep the mailers coming, so this was the time I would be playing.

There are four such machines at the casino, and frequently the other three of them are empty. This time, however, there were two guys playing the 9/6 Double Double Bonus version of the same game. I had never seen them before, but they were discussing hands like they knew what they were talking about.

Although I hadn’t checked recently, I was pretty sure that the Jacks or Better game returned quite a bit more than the Double Double Bonus game. Still, here were two obviously knowledgeable players, so I decided to check next time I was at my computer.

When I got home that night, I discovered that the 9/6 DDB Multi-Strike game returned 99.18%. While I didn’t have this number at my fingertips, it was consistent with about what I thought it was. The base game starts out with JoB worth 0.56% more than DDB and I thought the Multi-Strike aspect to the game would add approximately the same amount to each game. It turned out that it added 0.25% to JoB and 0.20% to DDB.

Two days later I stopped by and the progressive was more than $20,000 again, so I sat down to play. One of the players from two days before was there and he asked me if I was Bob Dancer. He told me he had purchased the Video Poker for Winners software years before and that taught him how to play the game. He comes to Vegas five times a year for a four-day trip and always played DDB Multi-Strike. He boasts that he was taught by Bob Dancer.

I asked him why he played DDB rather than JoB? He said the results were all about the quads and it was a lot more exciting for him.

I told him I understood. Four aces return $200 or $500 (depending on whether they have a kicker) and on the 2x, 4x, or 8x line it can turn into a taxable. Four 2s, 3s, and 4s pay $100 or $200 depending on the kicker and the other quads pay $62.50. These numbers are quite a bit larger than the $31.25 that all quads pay in JoB. Excitement is fun!

At the same time, I told him the game he played returned 0.6% less than the JoB version. Since he played about $150,000 each time he came to Vegas, on average that’s $900 per trip or $4,500 per year. Was it that much more exciting?

Even JoB is plenty volatile in the Multi-Strike version. DDB is quite a bit more so. Yes, there will be trips he goes home a winner, but there will also be trips he loses quite a bit. He agreed, saying he was down $8,000 so far this trip.

This guy taught himself how to play, thanks to the software. But there’s a lot more to playing successfully than just knowing how to play the hands.

If this guy has the money and this is how he wants to spend it, great. Everybody gets to make their own choices.

Still, it bothered me that someone who loses so much regularly tells people that I was his teacher!

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An “Advantage Play” I Detest

What is an advantage play? While I have never heard a precise definition, generally it is when you use your intelligence, knowledge, or guile to gain an advantage over some other person or group. The term is most often used in discussions about beating a casino.

Counting cards at blackjack is a common advantage play. Using video poker knowledge to choose which machines to play and to play every hand correctly, combined with an understanding of slot clubs and promotions, is the type of advantage play in which I regularly indulge. Betting sports, where you have computed that the line should be -3 and the books have them at -7, is still another. As is seeking dealers who expose the bottom card or make incorrect payouts. Here we are extracting extra money from a casino – which is the entire point of intelligent gambling.

Outside the casino, clipping coupons could be considered an advantage play – especially if sometimes you get the stuff for free. Doing all your shopping during sales and never paying full retail is another. Standing in the “10 items or less line when you actually have 11 items is another.  The list is endless.

In normal use of the term, advantage play includes legal actions and excludes illegal actions. With this definition, using a computer strapped to your thigh to help you figure out how to play blackjack accurately in Nevada is not an advantage play. It is an illegal one.

The problem with this definition is that often what is legal or illegal is a gray area and must be determined by the courts — where it helps to hire good lawyers. While I strongly believe the edge sorting that Phil Ivey and Kelly Sun did at Borgata, Crockfords, and other casinos should be a 100% legal advantage play, the courts have disagreed. Sometimes you just don’t know what is legal or what is not, although there is not doubt about the most egregious cases such as using a gun to rob a bank.

Let me get to what bugs me so much.

My wife, Bonnie, fell hard recently and hit on her buttocks/hip area. Nothing was broken, fortunately, but she’s 75 years old and the fall debilitated her. Although she may be walking without assistance when you next see her, for several weeks she used a walker, or a cane, or sometimes even a wheel chair. She asked her orthopedist to sign the form for a temporary “Disability Placard” to enable her to park close to places she needed to go. The doctor agreed and we went into the DMV to get the placard.

While we were in the DMV, where we had no problem, on the next chair over was a woman writhing in pain. She could barely even sit down, and she was constantly moaning. Clearly, she was in agony.   It was uncomfortable to see. We didn’t know her and couldn’t really help her, but someone hurting that much made our hearts go out to her.

We finished before she did, and I left Bonnie by the front door of the DMV while I went to retrieve our car and pick her up. When I got there to pick up Bonnie and was helping her in the front seat, we saw the woman who was in so much pain exit the DMV, immediately straighten up, and begin to jog towards her car!

Although there may be another side to this story, to us it looked like she got the disability placards merely so she can park up close to wherever she’s going. This was clearly an advantage play.

You might consider this smart until you consider that there are only a limited number of handicapped parking spots at many places, and the spot she’ll be taking should be left available to someone who really needs it.

When she signed up, Bonnie received two placards. One she placed in her own car, of course, and the other she gave to me. When she’s with me, I park in a handicapped space. When she’s not with me, I don’t.

On one occasion, the temptation to use the placard when she wasn’t with me was strong. I resisted. But I might someday not resist.

In order to help me “practice what I preach,” I offer you the following promise: If you ever see me use a handicapped space inappropriately (i.e. when Bonnie’s not around or when I don’t qualify for one myself, which I don’t currently but I’m 72 years old and who knows what the future holds?), mention it and I will give you $100. If there are three of you in the group, I will give all three of you $100 each.

Parting with a few Benjamins won’t break me, but I don’t throw money around. It would irritate me (at my own short-coming) should I ever have to pay money for something I shouldn’t be doing anyway. I’m not really famous, but I’ve taught enough classes that tens of thousands of people in Las Vegas recognize me. Knowing that I might have to fork over some money if I “cheat” will assist me in walking the walk.

Forgive the pun please, but we all need crutches, and this is one that will help me.

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Two Cards or Four? When Does It Matter?  

Consider the following two hands in games where you get your money back for a pair of jacks or better:  A♠ K♠ Q♥ T♦ 5♣ and A♠ K♠ Q♥ T♦ 5♠. There are games where the correct play in both hands is AK; games where the correct play is always AKQT; and games where in the first hand you hold AK and in the second you hold AKQT. Today we’re going to look at which games fall into which category, and why.

First, I’ll provide the “executive summary” for when each condition holds. That’s all some of my readers wish to know. Afterwards, I’ll provide some more detail as to the “why.”

     A. In games where two pair returns 2-for-1, always hold AK.

     B. In games where two pair returns 1-for-1 and straights return 4-for-1, hold AK in the first hand and AKQT in the second.

     C. In games where two pair returns 1-for-1 and straights return 5-for-1, always hold AKQT.

 

Now let’s go a little deeper. In Category A, we basically have Jacks or Better and Bonus Poker. The pay schedule matters not at all for the value of AKQT, so long as it has the standard return for straights, two pair, and high pairs. The value of AKQT is always going to be $2.66 for the five-coin dollar player.

The value of AK, however, is also affected by the value you get for full houses and flushes — but not much. Holding AK in 9/6 Jacks or Better is worth $2.87 and $2.79 and in 8/5 Bonus Poker these values drop to $2.82 and $2.75 — which are still well above the $2.66 benchmark for holding AKQT. A key fact that will come in later in the article is that in the Jacks or Better case, when the low card is unsuited with the AK, then AK is worth 21¢ more than AKQT, and when the low card is suited with the AK, then AK is worth 13¢ more than AKQT.

You do get a full house holding AK one time in 900 and flushes one time in 99 when the fifth card is unsuited with the AK and one time in 136 when the fifth card IS of the same suit as the AK. These are not big numbers. The pay schedules matter, but unless you get into a Bonus Poker game that is so bad that two pair only returns 1-for-1, you always prefer AK.

How much you get for two pair doesn’t affect the value of AKQT because the only hands you can get when you hold those five cards are a straight or a high pair. From AK, however, you end up with two pair every 22.8 times. Since that means an extra $5 every 22.8 times when you get one unit more, changing the value of two pair from 2-for-1 to 1-for-1 is worth 22¢.

Close readers might remember that in 9/6 Jacks or Better when the low card was unsuited, AK was only worth 21¢ more than AKQT, so why wouldn’t changing the value of two pair change the play? The answer is that in the games where two pair receives 1-for-1, the value of 4-of-a-kinds (especially aces) is much higher than the $125 you get in Jacks or Better. Even though you only only have a 1-in-16,215 chance to get four aces holding AK and drawing three cards, the difference in the payout from $125 to $800 is worth about 4¢.

In 9/6 Double Double Bonus, for example, holding AK is better in the first hand by 4¢ and AKQT is better in the second hand by about 4.5¢. To me, these numbers are plenty big enough that I’m going to pay attention to the suit of the small card in these hands. Whether they are big enough for you to reach the same conclusion is a decision you’re going to have to make for yourself.

The third category where two pair returns 1-for-1 and straights return 5-for-1 is really just the best versions of Double Bonus Poker. Since the straights pay 25% more than they do in most otherwise similar video poker games, it should be no surprise that you hold AKQT on both hands.

There are a few games that will not fit these rules exactly, and variations on games like Ultimate X, but in general these rules apply widely.

I picked AK in this case. I could easily have chosen AQ or AJ with exactly the same results. All three combinations are equal.

The rules for KQ, KJ, and QJ are different than the ones given here. Perhaps I’ll discuss them in another blog someday.

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Ed Thorp’s Wife

Ed Thorp is one of the fathers of blackjack card counting. Recently he made a nice donation to the Blackjack Ball, which ensures the continuance of the ball even after it’s founder, Max Rubin, passes away. As a partial thank you, Max told Thorp that he could invite his entire family to this year’s Blackjack Ball if he wanted, totally complimentary.

This year, Thorp brought his wife, three children, one son-in-law, and two grandchildren. Slightly before the dinner started, I sat down at a random table. One of my goals at the ball was to find guests for the podcast. Before dinner I was writing up notes before I forgot who the people on my list were and what made them interesting.

It turned out that the table where I had sat down was the one that the Thorps were planning on reserving for themselves. As there are only eight chairs at the table, I told them I would move. They graciously said that wasn’t necessary and they’d just go find another chair, which they did. So, I ended up sitting between his granddaughter, who had just graduated from Dartmouth College, and his wife, Catherine.

While I conversed with both ladies, as well as others at the table, I had the longest conversation with Catherine. She had married Ed Thorp, who is now in his mid-80s and still quite sharp, about seven years ago. Since I married Bonnie five years ago, there were certain similarities.

Catherine said Ed chose her mathematically! He had some mathematical model that told him that she was the one! I found that fascinating. I’m happy with my choice of Bonnie, but certainly did not use any mathematical formula to pick her out. So, I decided to ask Ed to tell me more about his methodology.

He smiled and said it’s not original with him and Wikipedia addresses this as the “Secretary Problem.” My explanation below is going to be highly simplified, but you can look it up in Wikipedia should you like.

The Secretary Problem was originally derived in the context of determining how many potential secretaries you should interview before deciding on which one to hire. The problem requires that you know the number of interviewees in the pool, n, and that you are able to rank each secretary relative to the others.

The key number for the optimal number of secretaries (or candidates for marriage) turns out to be n / e, where e is a mathematical constant whose value is approximately 2.718.

That is, when Ed was looking for a wife, if he thought he would have five years to find one and would meet eight potential mates a year, that would be 40 candidates. Doing the math, we have 40 / 2.718 = 14.7. This means that with the first 14 women Ed meets, no matter how desirable they are, he does not propose. He merely ranks each one relative to the others.

Starting with the 15th woman, he should propose to the first one he meets who exceeds the others in ranking. Assuming she accepts, that’s the one he should marry. If none of the last 26 women outrank the best one in the first 14, he should simply marry the last one.

(Presumably in the real world, if the 40th one was totally inappropriate, he would continue until he found one that’s reasonably appropriate.)

So, I told Catherine that I might forget her name before next year, but I was probably going to remember that she was Ms. 15, because she couldn’t have been in the first 14! She and Ed were both fine with that!

This was a pleasant chat and “intellectual” discussion with two charming people, but I have my doubts that this was actually the method Ed Thorp used to select his wife. Why? Because it’s extremely difficult to rank people.

Let’s say he’s met Karen, Linda, and Mary and assume they are all “reasonably” acceptable. One will be prettier, one will be smarter, one will make better lasagna, one will be more responsible financially (a definite consideration because Thorp is, I believe, a billionaire or close to it), one will be more compatible on religious and political issues, one will be better liked by his family members, etc.

How can you possibly give a unique ranking for these three women — let alone 14?  It’s virtually impossible that one woman could be superior in every aspect to the others. So, you’re going to have to make some kind of formula that tells you which attribute is most important. And these are real live women, who each come with lots and lots of attributes, each of whom have good days and bad days. This is not a catalog where you can pick and choose.

So, this strikes me as an apocryphal story that Ed and Catherine like to tell but was not actually used in real life. However he actually chose her, he did well. She appears to be quite charming and they are clearly very fond of one another.

The Secretary Problem, however, is an interesting theoretical concept about when to stop your searching. I’m glad I was introduced to it.

Author’s note:  After I wrote the above, I sent it to Dr. Thorp to get his feedback before I published. It’s possible I misrepresented the problem, and I was, after all, suggesting that he wasn’t being entirely truthful in saying he used this technique to find Catherine. He is one of my heroes and I didn’t want to insult him.  He responded:

Hi Bob,

 

We enjoyed your company.  Yes, a math model like this is fun to think about but the real world is so much more complex in this instance that one shouldn’t, and we didn’t, follow it.  

Best,

Ed

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The Twenty-Third Annual Blackjack Ball

The Blackjack Ball is an annual institution where about 100 of the world’s best gamblers meet up, socialize, drink too much, and compete against each other. The 2019 version occurred a few weeks ago.

The first order of business after two hours of drinking and socializing was to vote for the newest member of the Blackjack Hall of Fame. Six worthy candidates were nominated, and each professional player got one vote — with Hall of Fame members votes counting triple.

This year’s winner was Rob Reitzen. This is the way Rob was listed on the ballot.

There are few, if any, players that have won more money in the history of Blackjack than Rob Reitzen. From simple card counting to shuffle tracking/sequencing to bottom steering to advanced computer play, Rob has beaten games in more innovative ways than most professional blackjack players even know to exist.

The founding partner of CORE, which went on to become the largest and most profitable player-banking operation in history, Rob was featured in an Esquire Magazine article in which thereporter followed him and watched him beat Caesars Palace in Las Vegas out of more than $500,000 while using a sequencing technique he dubbed “The Hammer” on a single weekend!

Rob’s acceptance speech was somewhat lengthy. Host Max Rubin quipped afterwards that Rob must have thought he had a chance to win so he wrote “War and Peace” to read just in case.

The highlight of the ball is the test of 21 Questions. The five top scores get invited into the skills contest. Of these five, one player is eliminated quickly.

There were three people there who were ineligible to play: James Grosjean, Richard Munchkin, and myself — albeit it for different reasons. James and Richard have each won three times and have been determined to be “too good.” The first-place winner gets the Grosjean trophy, and the second-place winner gets the Munchkin cup.

The winner also gets an engraved Nebuchadnezzar (15 liters) of Luc Belaire Champagne, donated by Hall of Fame member Don Johnson who is an ambassador for that company.

I got included on this list for an entirely different reason as my blackjack career was short and uneventful. Although I did get to the final table at the Blackjack Ball once, I blew out immediately and didn’t end up in the money.

My contribution is that I submit a LOT of test questions. I submitted about 30 questions this year and they actually used seven or eight of my questions, depending on how you count. Since host Max Rubin has been a bit under the weather, he doesn’t have the time and energy to create as many questions as he used to and he’s grateful to me for supplying some. And, since taking a test where I had submitted a third of the questions would hardly be fair to the others, I’m not eligible to play. That’s cool. I get a kick out of composing questions that stump some of the smartest gamblers in the world — while other such gamblers get the questions correct.

Before the competition, we have a Calcutta auction. Host Max Rubin is a very charming auctioneer. He groups each of the 100 or so contestants into about 20 categories and we bid on who is going to win. Max teases, cajoles, insults, and praises various people in the audience in order to get them to bid. About $20,000 is raised and this goes to whomever owns the players who end up in the top four positions. Each player is allowed to buy up to 50% of himself back after the Calcutta and before the test is given.

The test is difficult — and questions can be about anything and everything. Some of the more interesting ones were:

  1. You are betting $100 on the pass line and place maximum odds at the Bellagio where 3-4-5 odds are allowed. On winning bets, what is the typical payout for the combination of pass line bet plus the odds?   

 

Answer: $700 — $100 for the pass line and $600 for the odds

 

  1. Donald Trump is the 45th American president. Express the number forty-five in roman numerals.

 

Answer:  XLV — this is not trivial. Many will say VL, which is incorrect

 

  1. In a National Basketball Association game, with 0.2 seconds left, the ball is out-of-bounds in possession of the team trailing by 2 points. The inbounding player throws the ball directly at the basket — and the ball would indeed have gone in except one of the inbounder’s teammates gently touches the ball when it is directly above the basket, 12 inches from going in. The teammate guides the ball into the basket. What happens?

 

  1. The inbounding team scores three points and wins the game
  2. The inbounding team scores two points and sends the game into overtime
  3. The inbounding team is guilty of offensive goal-tending, which causes them to lose possession and the game
  4. 0.2 seconds is not enough time for any of this to happen, so time runs out before any points are scored or there’s a change in possession

 

(Answer b: offensive goal-tending only occurs when the shot originated within the field of play. Since this “shot” originated from out-of-bounds, offensive goal tending could not happen.

Although the play originally began beyond the 3-point-line, the fact that the ball was touched directly above the basket turns this into a 2-point play.

The clock doesn’t start until the ball is touched by a player within the field of play — which in this case happened when the ball was one foot above the basket headed downward. 0.2 seconds is plenty of time for the basket to be made before the clock runs out.)

Those questions were three of the ones submitted by me, so naturally I think they are some of the most interesting. Here is one submitted by James Grosjean.

  1.   Playing six deck blackjack where the dealer stands on soft 17, which of the following starting positions has the highest EV.
  1. You have a hard 20 against a dealer ace before he checks for blackjack.
  2. You have an 11 versus a dealer 5
  3. You have a pair of aces against a dealer 4.
  4. You have a ten and a nine against a dealer 8

(Answer:  the exact numbers were given at the Ball, but the correct answer is a.)

One of the professional players only got four out of 21 questions correct. He was invited forward to receive a small “World’s Worst Blackjack Player.” The teasing was good natured, but he definitely got razzed.

The player with the most correct, 14, was Andy Bloch, former member of the MIT blackjack team and also an accomplished poker professional. Two players got 13 correct: Gemlo and Big Player. Since they want to be identified by their pseudonyms, I won’t identify them any further.

Coming in at 12 correct were four players: Arnold Snyder, John Brahms, Tony S, and attorney Bob Nersesian. Since only five players advance to the final game, we had to eliminate two of these four players. The way this was done was each of these four people had to name a casino that was formerly in Clark County but is here no more. Giving an incorrect answer, or a duplicate, eliminated you. There were probably fifty casinos named (e.g. Stardust, Riviera, Dunes, Landmark, Las Vegas Club, etc., etc. and finally Arnold Snyder and John Brahms gave incorrect answers and were eliminated.

On to the skills competition, which is held at a blackjack table. There was a stack of cards in the discard tray. Each of the five contestants needed to estimate the number of cards there. Worst guesser was eliminated — which happened to be Big Player. We were then down to four players.

Next test was a card-cutting competition. The 6♣ was placed at the bottom of the deck. Each player got to cut the cards. Munchkin then burned a card and dealt any number of hands that player named (from 1 to 7), with the object being to place the 6♣ face down in the dealer’s hand, e.g. as the dealer’s hole card.

The players all chose to deal six hands. Unfortunately, Andy Bloch cut the card four spaces away and was eliminated.

The third test was very unusual and was designed by James Grosjean. JG cut approximately one-inch squares out of the center of all twelve picture cards. Players had 90 seconds to figure out the rank and suits of each of the squares. Positive points were awarded for being accurate. Negative scores were awarded for inaccuracy. The mean score was negative! Gemlo did the worst and was eliminated.

It was now down to Tony S and Bob Nersesian and the contest was counting down a double deck. Richard Munchkin, who was running the final contest, removed three cards from each of the two deck stacks. The players had to determine what those cards were, using any card counting system they wanted.

Unfortunately, Bob Nersesian has never counted cards, whereas Tony S was a highly skilled professional for a number of years. Bob’s only chance was a wild guess. As soon as the clock started, he should have slammed his cards down and predicted his three cards would have a count of zero in HiLo.  He would win if there were three neutral cards, or one high, one low, and one neutral. He had a reasonable chance for success, whereas if he actually tried to count the double deck, he had basically no chance. There are actually better counts to use if you’re just going to guess, but Bob wouldn’t know about this.

Bob chose the wrong way to go about it. He tried to count the cards and ended up almost a minute behind Tony. Tony was accurate in his count, of course, and it was over. Although it didn’t matter, we asked Bob what he thought the count was in his deck. He said +6, which is an impossible number with only three cards using HiLo. Bob is a hell of an attorney but has never counted cards.

Congratulations to all our winners. We hope to have Rob Reitzen, Tony S, and Max Rubin on our podcast soon celebrating the twenty-third Blackjack Ball.

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A Question from a Reader

Many of you know that, in addition to being posted on bobdancer.com, my columns are published on the gamblingwithanedge.com website. This site allows for readers to post comments. One recent comment by someone who used the name “Jerry,” read as follows:

 

This is off-topic but I wanted to get your opinion on VP for Winners. I have been playing a particular game at a particular casino for over two years now with excellent results on about two million in coin-in on two years of win-loss statements. I have a degree in math so I know that this is a significant sample space. The game is rated at 99.256% on VPW. My results have been 97.133% (without handpay & freeplay); 100.925% (with handpay); 102.297% (with handplay & freeplay). Since this game includes a variable multiplier, is it possible that it has been under-rated by VPW?

 

The only game with variable multipliers on VPW is Super Times Pay. The return on 9/6 Double Double Bonus is indeed 99.256%, so that is the game I assume Jerry is talking about.

Jerry makes several statements. Let’s look at them one by one. First, he’s using Win-Loss statements as an accurate reflection of his actual play. Over the years I’ve found less than 10% of such statements to closely track with my own daily figures. Assuming that one from an unnamed casino provides accurate information is not an assumption I’m willing to make.

Second, is $2 million a significant sample space? It probably would be if you were talking about quarter Ten Play. It probably wouldn’t be if you were talking dollars or higher.

Remember multipliers only come about in this game every 15 hands or so. And the ones that do come about are heavily weighted towards the “lower end,” meaning 2x and 3x, while the higher-end multipliers 8x and 10x are fairly rare. According to the Wizard of Odds website, these are the frequencies for each of the multipliers:

Super Times Pay — Actual Multiplier Probabilities

MUTLIPLIER PROBABILITY EXPECTED
2 17% 0.34
3 33% 0.99
4 16% 0.64
5 24% 1.2
8 6% 0.48
10 4% 0.4
Total 100% 4.05

Adding the top two multipliers together, they occur 10% of the time, meaning every 150 hands or so. The mini-jackpot in DDB, called aces with a kicker, occurs slightly less than once every 16,000 hands. Remembering that the big multipliers only occur every 150 hands and each hand costs $6 to play, this means “one cycle” of aces with a kicker in this game is 16,000 * 150 * $6 = $14,400,000. Calling one seventh of one cycle significant is a misuse of the term. It might be a significant amount of play to Jerry, but mathematically it is insignificant.

STP comes in Triple Play, Five Play, and Ten Play. In addition to aces with a kicker, dealt quads and/or royals are important as to whether or not they come with a multiplier. Being fortunate to get dealt deuces, for example, with or without a kicker, with an 8x multiplier in effect, is going to give you a much higher positive result than average numbers predict.

I don’t know what big hands Jerry received, but I strongly suspect they included big hands with big multipliers. This is called “positive variance,” meaning that in the time Jerry has played, he has been luckier than average. It happens. Congratulations!

Jerry also mentions free play given by this particular casino. This is definitely not part of the VPW calculation but is an important consideration in the overall return of the game.

The calculation of the value of STP is fairly straightforward for a computer program. The Wizard of Odds site lists the return on this game as 99.26%, which is consistent with VPW’s 99.256% given that they are displayed with a different number of significant digits. I trust the figures of VPW and suggest that you should too.

Going forward, Jerry, you should assume your results will be 99.256% (assuming you play perfectly — which is also far from a given for most players). The free play will be additional. Your actual results over a period as short as $2 million in coin-in will not be the same as that, but that’s the best guess going forward.

Do NOT assume that your 100.925% results will continue. It COULD equal that in the short term, but it’s unlikely and you won’t know for sure until you play the hands.

I assure you that there will be other games and/or casinos where your results will indicate negative variance. It’s just part of the game.

Your figures imply that free play at that casino is 1.3%. Possible, I suppose, but pretty rare. A lot of us would like to know where a casino pays that much on a game that returns 99.256%. Also realize that a 2.3% edge on $2 million of coin-in implies you are ahead $46,000 at this casino. Many casinos will restrict you, figuring you are “too good.”

At most casinos you will be on their radar. If their free play is actually 1.3%, even on a 99.256% game, the casino is giving away the store. Eventually they will wake up. If you are someone who has been hammering this game, you will be the first one eliminated.

Players differ on how to react to such a good play. Some play as hard as they can because they figure it’s going to go away pretty soon and they better milk it while they can. Others believe that if they take small nibbles out of the game, it will last longer and give them more profit in the long run. You’re going to have to make your own call on this.

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So What?

The Las Vegas Advisor publishes a “Question of the Day” every day. People send in questions and the LVA gets someone knowledgeable to answer each question. Often video poker questions are shuttled my way.

In a recent QOD, someone noted that they were quarter NSU Deuces players at Green Valley Ranch Casino, which is run by Station Casinos. The players saw on the screen “advantage player tracking system.”  These players usually only played on multiplier days.

If they are getting a half-percent in players’ club rewards, this is a game that yields the player less than $3 per hour if they play perfectly. Basically, nobody plays NSU Deuces perfectly. I certainly can’t and estimate that fewer than one-in-a-thousand players can. My comment at the end of the QOD was, “It’s a real shame that casinos are doing this to quarter players. You might have a $3/hour advantage over them on the big multiplier days if you play competently. You’d think a casino could fade that.”

I received an email from someone who works in casino management and wrote, “Casinos no longer look at a $3/hour-winner player as just that – as their analysis adds $6 an hour (from all players) for free drinks and general maintenance items (bathroom, garage if parking is free) etc.”

This is probably true, although the $6 figure may vary from place to place. Casinos and other businesses have “overhead” expenses, and if that is going to be allocated on a per-player-per-hour basis, it’s going to be some such number.

Personally, I’m surprised that free drinks are included in this calculation. I believe that giving away free drinks is a money-making proposition for casinos. The more people drink, on average, the more they lose. Yes, the drinks cost the casino money, but the increased revenue from players more than offsets this cost.

Going with the $6 figure for now, it doesn’t change my feelings on this. If the player costs the casino $9 per hour, is that really a significant threat to the casino’s bottom line? Few players play completely accurately. Players bring friends along and their friends play even worse. Players have leaks, where even if they play video poker reasonably competently, they also bet on their favorite football team, and in that game, they are definitely a square. Even solid players go on tilt periodically and do some crazy stuff that usually costs them a lot of money.

I’ve found $200/hour opportunities in casinos. Sometimes I get restricted after the casino figures out that they are giving away the farm. I understand that. (I don’t like it, but I understand it.)

But there needs to be a threshold where casinos tolerate a certain level of “winner.” I personally think that threshold should be higher than $10 per hour.

Possibly I would feel differently were I a casino manager. But worrying about $10 per hour players often leads to kicking out losing players who have just gotten lucky recently.

If any winners at all bothers a casino, they can certainly remove games that give players a chance. But if those games are there, players should be allowed to play them.

Enough of my rant. I’ll go back to a regular blog next week.

 

Author’s Note:  After this article was prepared, I received information that the IGT brand for player tracking systems is called “Advantage.” Thus, “Advantage Player Track System Activated” simply means that the casino is using the IGT software. It does not mean necessarily that the system believes the particular players are playing with an advantage.

Does this mean my rant was misplaced? Perhaps. Perhaps not. I still believe that casinos should allow players with small advantages to play, and that Station Casinos are among the worst culprits at not allowing this to happen. I will never be allowed to see the actual data to prove this one way or another, but looking at the data from the outside, this is the way it appears to this observer.

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Couldn’t There Be More Exceptions?

I was having dinner with a buddy, Al, who received a text from someone we both knew, Sandy. The text showed a picture of 8/5 Ace$ Bonus Poker along with a query whether I published a strategy for it?

Ace$ Bonus Poker is just like Bonus Poker, except the four aces each have a letter A, C, E, or S on them. If those four aces spell ACES in positions 1-4 or 2-5, then the hand pays 4,000 coins rather than 400.

I told Al to text back that the game paid 99.407%, which is about 0.23% superior to regular Bonus Poker. The game should be played exactly like Bonus Poker except for the hand aces full (e.g. AAAKK or AAA44, etc.). IF the three aces are in the appropriate positions to get the bonus (which usually isn’t the case, but can be), THEN you throw away the pair and go for the bonus, which you’re only going to hit 1/47 times (the same as drawing to 4-to-a-royal).

After a while, Sandy texted back. There are some REALLY close plays in Bonus Poker, such as A♠ 8♠ 4♥ 6♥ 7♥. In this hand holding the 467 is worth $2.4098 for the 5-coin dollar player while the A by itself was worth $2.4062. The difference is only 0.36¢, which is only about a third of a penny. Couldn’t the ace in appropriate position add enough to change the play?

I didn’t think so, but I said I’d go home and work it out and get back to Sandy. Since Al and Sandy are friends, I did this for free. I get all sorts of requests to figure out stuff for strangers that I turn down or say something like, I’ll do it for a fee of $xxx. Although I am a teacher and I do answer a lot of questions for strangers, I don’t see my role in life to be a research assistant for everybody who has a question. So, I pick my spots, so to speak. (And, of course, if the problem is interesting enough, I turn it into a column or two which pays me a bit.)

On the hand in question, holding one ace, you end up with four aces 44 times out of the 178,365 possible draws. That’s one time in 4,053.75. This calculation should be easy to perform for anybody with video poker software who can divide one number into another.

The next question is:  How often does one “sequential” ace turn into four sequential aces? For simplicity, let’s assume the sequential ace is in the first position (which means the ace of clubs, which has a big yellow “A” on it). From here, we’re going to need to get the ace of diamonds (the one with a “C” on it) in the second position, which will happen 1/47 times. If that happens, we need the ace of hearts (the “E) in the third position which occurs 1/46 times, and if that happens, we need the ace of spades (the “$”) in the fourth position, which occurs 1/45 times.

Since they all need to happen together, we multiply them. That is, one sequential ace will become four sequential aces 1/47 * 1/46 * 1/45 = 1/97,290. Looking at it a little differently, since we get aces every 4,053.75 from that position, one in 24 of them are sequential and 23/24 of them aren’t.

The previous two paragraphs required some fairly simple probability calculations. Simple probability calculations are necessary in figuring out all sorts of video poker and other gambling problems. To succeed, you either need to be able to figure this out yourself or have someone who does and is willing to help you either free or for a fee.

So, from this position, once in 97,290 times, the four aces will be worth $4,000. Since the video poker software already assumes that these aces will receive $400, the bonus is worth $3,600. Once you get here, dividing $3,600 by 97,290 gives you $0.037, which is almost four cents. This is ten times as much as the difference between the two plays. So yes, there are some exceptions that my simplification misses.

I was actually surprised to find this out.

Still, to get the optimal value out of this, you need to look at all the hands that could be affected. Usually they are an ace with a 3-card straight flush with no high cards and one gap, such as 457 or 78T with external straight interference suited with the ace.

There are a number of qualifications in that sentence. For players who don’t seriously study penalty cards, this is pretty complicated. Many players aren’t going to be able to remember it precisely. If they have it written down somewhere it will take them some time to find it, look it up, and determine if the current hand qualifies.

So, I’m personally not going to take the time and energy to memorize this exception, at least at the current time. I rarely play this game. I’ve played 8/5 Bonus for several hundred hours in the past, but not in the past few years. I will have to relearn 8/5 Bonus before I play this game.

It is possible that Ace$ Bonus will become my “go to” game in a particular casino somewhere down the line, and in that case, I’ll relook at this article and reassess whether I’m going to add this refinement to my game. But in the meantime, in the few times I play this game, I’m content to use regular 8/5 Bonus strategy with the aces-full exception.

If you wish to make the opposite conclusion for yourself, be my guest.

Note: After I finished this article, I passed it by a player who graduated from Cal Tech to verify that my conclusions were correct.  He responded:

I agree with your math, and want to add that there is another way of looking at it, via https://wizardofodds.com/games/video-poker/tables/aces-bonus-poker/

“To create a strategy for this game, you can use my video poker strategy maker, but use a 94 for four aces when there are no aces on the deal. With one ace, in a correct position, use 110. With two aces, in a correction position, use 200. With three aces, in a correction position, use 440. These are weighted averages of 80 and 800, according to the probability of getting ACE$. If you have aces that are out of position then use 80.”

Once more, the wizardofodds.com site provides useful information. The way to get the most value out of this site on this particular problem is to enter in the appropriate number for aces and look at the exceptions to the basic strategy. The ones that say the right play is the ace and not some other hold are the ones you want to look at.

I appreciate learning about the Wizard’s elegant solution to this problem and am glad to pass it on to you.